A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review › Research › peer-review

Standard

A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations. / Rygaard, Karen; Linnet, Kristian; Johansen, Sys.

In: Metabolites, Vol. 11, No. 10, 686, 2021.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review › Research › peer-review

Harvard

Rygaard, K, Linnet, K & Johansen, S 2021, 'A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations', Metabolites, vol. 11, no. 10, 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100686

APA

Rygaard, K., Linnet, K., & Johansen, S. (2021). A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations. Metabolites, 11(10), [686]. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100686

Vancouver

Rygaard K, Linnet K, Johansen S. A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations. Metabolites. 2021;11(10). 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100686

Author

Rygaard, Karen ; Linnet, Kristian ; Johansen, Sys. / A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations. In: Metabolites. 2021 ; Vol. 11, No. 10.

Bibtex

@article{8e0d77ccea444afbbf6f7e61d29927e4,
title = "A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations",
abstract = "After ingestion, consumed drugs and their metabolites are incorporated into hair, which has a long detection window, ranging up to months. Therefore, in addition to conventional blood and urine analyses, hair analysis can provide useful information on long-term drug exposure. Meta-bolite-to-drug (MD) ratios are helpful in interpreting hair results, as they provide useful information on drug metabolism and can be used to distinguish drug use from external contamination, which is otherwise a limitation in hair analysis. Despite this, the MD ratios of a wide range of pharmaceuticals have scarcely been explored. This review aims to provide an overview of MD ratios in hair in a range of pharmaceuticals of interest to forensic toxicology, such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, benzodiazepines, common opiates/opioids, etc. The factors influencing the ratio were evaluated. MD ratios of 41 pharmaceuticals were reported from almost 100 studies. MD ratios below 1 were frequently reported, indicating higher concentrations of the parent pharmaceutical than of its metabolite in hair, but wide-ranging MD ratios of the majority of pharmaceuticals were found. Intra- and interindividual differences and compound properties were variables possibly contributing to this. This overview presents guidance for future comparison and evaluation of MD ratios of pharmaceuticals.",
author = "Karen Rygaard and Kristian Linnet and Sys Johansen",
note = "This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolite Analysis in Forensic Toxicology",
year = "2021",
doi = "10.3390/metabo11100686",
language = "English",
volume = "11",
journal = "Metabolites",
issn = "2218-1989",
publisher = "M D P I AG",
number = "10",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations

AU - Rygaard, Karen

AU - Linnet, Kristian

AU - Johansen, Sys

N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolite Analysis in Forensic Toxicology

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - After ingestion, consumed drugs and their metabolites are incorporated into hair, which has a long detection window, ranging up to months. Therefore, in addition to conventional blood and urine analyses, hair analysis can provide useful information on long-term drug exposure. Meta-bolite-to-drug (MD) ratios are helpful in interpreting hair results, as they provide useful information on drug metabolism and can be used to distinguish drug use from external contamination, which is otherwise a limitation in hair analysis. Despite this, the MD ratios of a wide range of pharmaceuticals have scarcely been explored. This review aims to provide an overview of MD ratios in hair in a range of pharmaceuticals of interest to forensic toxicology, such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, benzodiazepines, common opiates/opioids, etc. The factors influencing the ratio were evaluated. MD ratios of 41 pharmaceuticals were reported from almost 100 studies. MD ratios below 1 were frequently reported, indicating higher concentrations of the parent pharmaceutical than of its metabolite in hair, but wide-ranging MD ratios of the majority of pharmaceuticals were found. Intra- and interindividual differences and compound properties were variables possibly contributing to this. This overview presents guidance for future comparison and evaluation of MD ratios of pharmaceuticals.

AB - After ingestion, consumed drugs and their metabolites are incorporated into hair, which has a long detection window, ranging up to months. Therefore, in addition to conventional blood and urine analyses, hair analysis can provide useful information on long-term drug exposure. Meta-bolite-to-drug (MD) ratios are helpful in interpreting hair results, as they provide useful information on drug metabolism and can be used to distinguish drug use from external contamination, which is otherwise a limitation in hair analysis. Despite this, the MD ratios of a wide range of pharmaceuticals have scarcely been explored. This review aims to provide an overview of MD ratios in hair in a range of pharmaceuticals of interest to forensic toxicology, such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, benzodiazepines, common opiates/opioids, etc. The factors influencing the ratio were evaluated. MD ratios of 41 pharmaceuticals were reported from almost 100 studies. MD ratios below 1 were frequently reported, indicating higher concentrations of the parent pharmaceutical than of its metabolite in hair, but wide-ranging MD ratios of the majority of pharmaceuticals were found. Intra- and interindividual differences and compound properties were variables possibly contributing to this. This overview presents guidance for future comparison and evaluation of MD ratios of pharmaceuticals.

U2 - 10.3390/metabo11100686

DO - 10.3390/metabo11100686

M3 - Review

C2 - 34677401

VL - 11

JO - Metabolites

JF - Metabolites

SN - 2218-1989

IS - 10

M1 - 686

ER -

ID: 281646435