The degree of pneumatization of the temporal bones correlates with exposure during childhood and adolescence to infectious middle ear diseases (IMED), both acute and chronic. The pneumatized area as seen on cranial X-rays can be measured. This was applied to an anthropological material in order to develop methods for assessing ancient populations' exposure to IMED. Fifty-six Greenlandic Inuit (Eskimo) crania were examined. The crania were sexed and measured. X-rays were taken bilaterally, using the projection of Runström II, and the pneumatized area was measured planimetrically by computer. In blind trials it was found that the inter- and intraobserver variation was non-significant; that the degree of pneumatization of the temporal ossa did not reflect cranial size or sexual dimorphism; and that the pneumatized areas correlated bilaterally. Asymmetry in the size of the pneumatized areas, an indicator of exposure to IMED, was found in 5 crania (9%).