TY - JOUR

T1 - Driving under the Influence of Amphetamine

T2 - Analytical Evaluation of Illegal or Prescription Drug Intake Using Chiral UHPLC-MS/MS

AU - Nielsen, Marie Katrine Klose

AU - Andersen, Nina Zacho

AU - Rasmussen, Brian Schou

AU - Johansen, Sys Stybe

N1 - © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - Differentiation between consumption of illegal and prescription drugs remains an important aspect in forensic toxicology. While illicit amphetamine is most often racemic, the medicinal drugs marketed in Denmark for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) contains the pure (S)-enantiomer or a prodrug thereof. In this study, we present a simple and efficient analytical workflow to provide information about the origin of amphetamine consumed in forensic cases concerning driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). Following quantification of amphetamine and methamphetamine with our conventional multi-target ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method, determination of (R)- and (S)-amphetamine was performed by re-injecting the sample extract on a Phenomenex LUX® AMP chiral column using the same analytical instrument and mobile phases. The chiral separation was performed isocratic within a run time of 6 minutes. The analytical workflow was applied to blood samples from 5248 suspected DUID cases within a 2 year period. Amphetamine was detected in 18.7% of the samples, of which both enantiomers were detected in 89.5% of the cases, indicating consumption of illegal racemic amphetamine. In 6.1% of the positive cases, both amphetamine and methamphetamine were detected, indicating either co-consumption of both amphetamines or consumption of methamphetamine. In the remaining 4.4%, only (S)-amphetamine was detected indicating consumption of prescription drugs containing (S)-amphetamine or a prodrug thereof. Implementation of a simple and rapid chiral method in the conventional analytical workflow for routine forensic casework proved to be an efficient way to elucidate whether a positive amphetamine result originates from illegal or prescription drug consumption, without increasing turnaround time nor costs to any significant extent, as no additional sample preparation was required.

AB - Differentiation between consumption of illegal and prescription drugs remains an important aspect in forensic toxicology. While illicit amphetamine is most often racemic, the medicinal drugs marketed in Denmark for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) contains the pure (S)-enantiomer or a prodrug thereof. In this study, we present a simple and efficient analytical workflow to provide information about the origin of amphetamine consumed in forensic cases concerning driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). Following quantification of amphetamine and methamphetamine with our conventional multi-target ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method, determination of (R)- and (S)-amphetamine was performed by re-injecting the sample extract on a Phenomenex LUX® AMP chiral column using the same analytical instrument and mobile phases. The chiral separation was performed isocratic within a run time of 6 minutes. The analytical workflow was applied to blood samples from 5248 suspected DUID cases within a 2 year period. Amphetamine was detected in 18.7% of the samples, of which both enantiomers were detected in 89.5% of the cases, indicating consumption of illegal racemic amphetamine. In 6.1% of the positive cases, both amphetamine and methamphetamine were detected, indicating either co-consumption of both amphetamines or consumption of methamphetamine. In the remaining 4.4%, only (S)-amphetamine was detected indicating consumption of prescription drugs containing (S)-amphetamine or a prodrug thereof. Implementation of a simple and rapid chiral method in the conventional analytical workflow for routine forensic casework proved to be an efficient way to elucidate whether a positive amphetamine result originates from illegal or prescription drug consumption, without increasing turnaround time nor costs to any significant extent, as no additional sample preparation was required.

U2 - 10.1093/jat/bkac103

DO - 10.1093/jat/bkac103

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 36525524

VL - 47

SP - 280

EP - 286

JO - Journal of Analytical Toxicology

JF - Journal of Analytical Toxicology

SN - 0146-4760

IS - 3

ER -